Henry Cavendish Totally Explained

Everything about Henry Cavendish totally explained

Henry Cavendish, FRS (October 10, 1731 - February 24, 1810) was a British scientist noted for his discovery of hydrogen or what he called "inflammable air". He described the density of inflammable air, which formed water on combustion, in a 1766 paper "On Factitious Airs". Antoine Lavoisier later reproduced Cavendish's experiment and gave the element its name. Cavendish is also known for his measurement of the Earth's density and early research into electricity.

Personal life

Henry Cavendish was born on October 10, 1731 in Nice, France, where his family was living at the time. His mother was Lady Anne Grey, daughter of the Duke of Kent and his father was Lord Charles Cavendish, son of the second Duke of Devonshire. The family traces its lineage across eight centuries to Norman times and was closely connected to many aristocratic families of Great Britain.
   At age 11, Henry Cavendish was a pupil at Dr. Newcome's School in Hackney. At age 18 (in 1749) he entered the University of Cambridge in St Peter's College, now known as Peterhouse, but left four years later without graduating. His first paper, "Factitious Airs", appeared 13 years later, in 1766.
   Cavendish was silent and solitary, viewed as somewhat eccentric, and formed no close personal relationships outside his family. By one account, Cavendish had a back staircase added to his house in order to avoid encountering his housekeeper because he was especially shy of women. The contemporary accounts of his personality have led some modern commentators, such as Oliver Sacks, to speculate that he'd Asperger's syndrome, though he may have been merely painfully shy. His only social outlet was the Royal Society Club, whose members dined together before weekly meetings. Cavendish seldom missed these meetings, and was profoundly respected by his contemporaries. However his shyness made those who "sought his views... speak as if into vacancy. If their remarks were...worthy, they might receive a mumbled reply." He also enjoyed collecting fine furniture exemplified by his purchase of a set of "ten inlaid satinwood chairs with matching cabriole legged sofa" documented to have been acquired by Cavendish himself.
   Because of his asocial and secretive behaviour, Cavendish often avoided publishing his work, and much of his findings were not even told to his fellow scientists. It wasn't until the late nineteenth century, long after his death, that James Clerk Maxwell looked through Cavendish's papers and found things for which others had been given credit. Examples of what was included in Cavendish's discoveries or anticipations were Richter's Law of Reciprocal Proportions, Ohm's Law, Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures, principles of electrical conductivity (including Coulomb's Law), and Charles's Law of Gases.
   Cavendish died in 1810 and was buried in Derby Cathedral, along with many of his ancestors. The University of Cambridge's Cavendish Laboratory was endowed by several of Henry Cavendish's later relatives, especially William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire (Chancellor of the University from 1861 to 1891).

Gases and the atmosphere

[[Image:Cavendish_hydrogen.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Cavendish's apparatus for making and collecting hydrogen and published the results.
   The experimental apparatus consisted of a torsion balance to measure the gravitational attraction between two 350-pound lead spheres and a pair of 2-inch 1.61-pound lead spheres., and indeed that's the average value of the twenty-nine determinations Cavendish included in his paper.
   It isn't unusual to find books that erroneously describe Cavendish's work as a measurement either of the gravitational constant (G) or the Earth's mass, and this mistake has been pointed out by several authors. In reality, Cavendish's stated goal was to measure the Earth's density, and his result was later used to calculate G. The first time that this constant was used was in 1873, almost 100 years after the Cavendish experiment. Cavendish's results also can be used to calculate the Earth’s mass.
   Henry Cavendish performed his experiment in an outbuilding in the garden of his Clapham Commons estate. For years afterward, his neighbors would point out the building and tell their children that it was where the world was weighed.

Electrical researches

Cavendish's electrical experiments didn't become known until they were collected and published by James Clerk Maxwell a century later, in 1879, long after other scientists had been credited with the same results. Among Cavendish's discoveries were the following:

The concept of electric potential, which he called the "degree of electrification"
An early unit of capacitance, that of a sphere one inch in diameter
The formula for the capacitance of a plate capacitor
The concept of the dielectric constant of a material
The relationship between electric potential and current, now called Ohm's Law. (1781)
Laws for the division of current in parallel circuits, now attributed to Charles Wheatstone
Inverse square law of variation of electric force with distance, now called Coulomb's Law

Notes and references

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